The expanded application of water-based adhesives in cathode and anode materials is an inevitable trend for lithium-ion batteries to achieve high quality, low cost, and green pollution-free production. With the large-scale production of lithium-ion batteries in China, as one of the important auxiliary materials, a large number of raw materials for water-based adhesives used in lithium-ion batteries will gradually be localized. This will endow domestic enterprises with a natural advantage in meeting the customized needs of downstream battery enterprises, as foreign enterprises usually respond more slowly. Current research has fully shown that they play a good role in reducing the interfacial impedance between electrodes and electrolytes as well as the internal resistance of batteries, and improving electrochemical performance. In the future, systematic and in-depth research is needed on the selection, modification, and performance improvement of water-based polymer adhesive materials with different structures and properties, the study of their action mechanisms, and the application process methods of adhesives. The market prospect of water-based adhesives for lithium-ion batteries is very promising.